Wise Law Roundtable: Rogue Articling Students and a Lawyer's Duty to Supervise

Commentaries from Wise Law's lawyers on current cases of interest 

Background

All lawyers are expected to be good ambassadors of the profession and the justice system. This is not only when in court or in the office, but also when online and in the public eye generally.

In Law Society of Ontario v. Marco Forte, 2019 ONLSTH 9 (CanLII), a senior lawyer recently accepted disciplinary penalty from the Law Society because he failed in his duty to adequately supervise an articling student who was not living up to the standards of professional conduct on some online message boards, and Twitter.

But how far does this duty go? How much online activity can a lawyer - and should a lawyer - be expected to police?

A senior criminal lawyer, Marco Forte, hired his first-ever articling student. Her conduct online quickly became a problem, according to the ruling. Less than a month after she began articling, the student got in a verbal altercation with Court staff, flipped them her middle finger, and had to be escorted from the Courthouse by police. She took to twitter to allege that she had been illegally arrested.

She also made a number of posts on a Criminal Lawyer’s Association listserve, in which she made comments about “white male privilege” that other members found offensive and disparaging. She also made comments that apparently seemed to break rules about confidentiality. She also tweeted derogatory comments about Justices of the Peace, Crown attorneys and her firm’s clients:

...a Twitter post on September 3, 2015 reads as follows: “welp. apparently some JP’s just love to powertrip for no fucking reason at all, wasting everyone else’s time while at it.”

This pattern continued from July 2015, to December 2015. The lawyer put her on suspension, after being informed that she had tweeted publicly “about the inefficiencies of the court system and how all court clerks should be fired and replaced by robots [and] also described them as having jobs that were incredibly ‘futile and outdated.’”

Meanwhile, even while on suspension, the student:

“...continued to post tweets on the Lawyer’s firm Twitter account in the Lawyer’s name, without his knowledge. She also continued to operate a personal website, containing a link to the Lawyer’s website, which at one point listed the names of more than 50 “Bad Cops,” two “Bad Crowns” and two “Bad Judges.”

The Tribunal decision acknowledges that Forte knew about much of the student’s conduct all along, and was trying to address it with her, and supervise her, to prevent her from this kind of rogue social media activity.

However, the Tribunal found that Forte hadn’t gone far enough to curb her behaviour. While he did not “abdicate” his responsibility to rein her in, the Tribunal found:

“...the Lawyer’s well-intentioned efforts at supervision were inadequate; he failed to monitor or control [her] Twitter account, failed to review the contents of her website, trusted her assurances for far too long, and failed to take appropriate disciplinary measures until it was far too late. The Lawyer’s unfamiliarity with social media, or the demands of his busy practice, do not excuse this conduct.”

Our lawyers had these thoughts on this ruling:

GARRY WISE: A problem here is that this was a  consent disposition, and none of these issues appear to have been argued or adjudicated in any meaningful way.  I suspect this lawyer agreed to a slap on the wrist to avoid the enormous costs that would have been incurred in defending this.

SIMRAN BAKSHI: Reading between the lines, I think that the Law Society may have been troubled by the fact that the Lawyer requested the student to create a twitter account and website for the firm, which he did not monitor. As well, the disciplinary action that he did take was a suspension over what would have been Christmas break.

PAUL ADAM: The passage that bothers me is this one:

[46] “The Lawyer did not abdicate his responsibility to supervise his student; the problem was that his efforts, while well-meaning, were ineffective. As one of the Lawyer’s character witnesses put it, the Lawyer “struggled to assist [her] as best as he could” and “often spoke of his frustration” in helping her. He did not fail for lack of trying.”

PAUL ADAM: I do wonder if Courts and tribunals are swinging from a position of having no interest or faith in technology, to having wildly unrealistic expectations of how lawyers ought to be using and monitoring technology to accomplish things that are just not possible.

GARRY WISE: I’m not sure what more the lawyer could have done.  How does one monitor an undisclosed Twitter account?  Does linking a Twitter page to a firm website really equate to advertising?

SIMRAN BAKSHI: I agree that it seems problematic to connect a personal twitter page to a firm simply because it contains a link to the firm's website; however it seems that in this case at least several different members of the public drew a connection between her inappropriate conduct and the firm, simply from looking at her page.

PAUL ADAM: It reminds me of a costs decision that was reported a few months ago, Cass v. 1410088 Ontario Inc., 2018 ONSC 6959. It was a summary judgment motion on the issue of occupier’s liability. Whitten J. was not prepared to allow a $900 billing for legal research, on the grounds that the use of “artificial intelligence sources” could have cut down on counsel’s time on the file- no further explanation as to what that would entail. It’s a further case of a challenge is being put to lawyers involving the changing use of technology but we’re missing a meaningful standard of what a lawyer actually should or should not be doing, it’s just an admonishment to “do better.”

GARRY WISE: I’d be curious what an employment lawyer would have recommended had the lawyer consulted with one as these events were unfolding. At what point could termination for cause have been a viable option?  The termination of an articling student is not a decision to be taken lightly.

SIMRAN BAKSHI: I can understand how the lawyer may have had some responsibility to monitor the student’s Twitter account and take disciplinary action where warranted, after he was made aware of some her disparaging comments, but to require that he “control” her personal Twitter feed strikes me as being unreasonably onerous.

What are your thoughts?  Let us know in the comments or @wiselaw on Twitter.

- Wise Law, Toronto

Visit our Toronto Law Office website: www.wiselaw.net

Reflections on the Articling Debate That Was

While I certainly didn't favour the Ontario Articling Task Force's majority recommendations that were adopted by the Law Society's Benchers at Convocation yesterday, I don't think the vote for approval was a terrible outcome.

Some good may well come of it, yet.

As clumsy, semi-feudal and wholly undefined as the new two-tier system may now appear to be, if the new pathway ultimately comes to fruition - and I still have genuine lingering doubts about that - it will at very least, and at long last, eliminate the articling "numbers crisis."  Nobody can seriously object to that.

We are left with many unanswered questions about the structure, curriculum, delivery and cost - to the Bar and prospective licensees - of the new, alternate path for licensing.

Many of us objected to the new approach because we felt it to be inadequately creative, bold, innovative or respectful of time-tested evidence as to the necessity of articling in the making of a lawyer.

Hope nevertheless remains that the development and refinement of this new educational path will begin with a deep and genuine analysis of the practical skills actually required to enter today's legal profession, a profession that is increasingly being better understood and defined by the Jordan Furlongs and Mitchell Kowalskis among us than our Benchers and regulators.

Let us not train our new lawyers for entry into a prior generation's legal profession.

We must first develop a better understanding of what it will take to succeed as a professional, proprietor and manager in today's and tomorrow's legal profession.

Advocacy, drafting and negotiation skills, business acumen, practical skills, knowledge base, legal ethics, technological literacy, communications skills, social media engagement, and cultural awareness of what being a lawyer is - these considerations may be but the most obvious tip of the iceberg of knowledge a new curriculum must embrace to prepare licensees to enter a modern legal landscape now marked by ever-hastening challenge and change.

The existing articling programme will necessarily be impacted and ultimately improved by the conclusions reached in developing this new programme.

Ultimately, this pilot project - whether successful or not in getting off the ground and developing enduring credibility - will be a catalyst for long-overdue modernization of legal education and the Ontario lawyer licensing process.

We have our work cut out for us.

Let us hope this new pathway will not turn out to be an alternate "mere formality" or rubber stamped rite of passage into the legal profession.

Not every candidate for licensing necessarily must succeed. Quality - and competency - control counts more than ever.

The public deserves and requires that.

Convocation's direction was ultimately a compromise - an imperfect solution that gave most stakeholders at least a little of what they wanted.

Let us hope our profession uses this important milestone as a window of opportunity for genuine improvement in the licensing process.

Credit is due to the Benchers. As tempting as it may have been to  bounce this ball forward for another generation or two, they resisted that temptation and have acted with resolve.

Cudos are also appropriate for the open process that was adopted. Webcasts of Convocation are an idea whose time has come. Our regulators and the public will benefit from the resulting transparency.

I was very glad - and honoured - to have been involved in this process as one of the profession's "designated tweeters." The Law Society deserves real credit for that initiative, as well.  I am pretty sure that there is no other regulator of any profession, anywhere, that is more advanced than our Law Society of Upper Canada (i.e. Ontario) in its utilization of social media as a communications tool in furtherance of its varied mandates.

May these innovations continue.

- Garry J. Wise, Toronto

Webcast Today: The Law Society's Great Canadian Articling Debate II

Will Ontario law graduates soon have an alternative to the profession's articling programme?  Will the LSUC Benchers do away with articling all together?

Or will common sense prevail, with Benchers electing to devote the LSUC's resources and energies to strengthening, modernizing and expanding the province's current articling system, to ensure that an adequate number of quality articling positions will created by the profession for aspiring licensees?

Tune in to the resumption of the Law Society of Upper Canada's articling debate today at 9:00 a.m.

I will be live-tweeting from Osgoode Hall, along with a stellar panel of commentators.

For those interested in more of my thoughts, my previous post on the "articling crisis" is here.

(And while I have your attention -  don't forget to download WiseLii, our free mobile legal research app for the iPhone.  It's available at iTunes)

- Garry J. Wise, Toronto

Visit our Toronto Law Office website: www.wiselaw.net

The "Articling Crisis" - Or is It?

On November 22, 2012, the Benchers of the Law Society of Upper Canada shall once again convene to address the province's so called "articling crisis."

I am not convinced there is any crisis at all. And I'm certainly not convinced that either of the solutions on the table is any solution at all.

The bottom line for me is simple - the Law Society should reject both proposals that have been advanced and opt instead to direct its unfettered energies and resources in the direction of strengthening, standardizing and expanding the current articling system.

We don't need radical changes or quixotic parallel programmes.

Rather, let's leverage this closely-watched debate into a golden opportunity to get serious about updating and modernizing our existing articling system.

To paraphrase Eisenhower (and my friend Irv Handler), the search for a scapegoat will generally be a successful enterprise. And as Ontario's Law Society and the profession have tackled this highly-charged "articling crisis," the search for scapegoats has indeed been predictably fruitful.

Who to blame?

Shall we blame the lawyers? The law schools?  The Law Society?  The Federal government? The Province?   The marketplace? The students themselves?  All of the above?

I suppose it should not come as a surprise that a significant contingent of those studying this so-called "articling crisis" have opted for none of the above. They have decided, instead, that it is articling itself that is the problem.

Off with its head!

So say the dissenters.

In their heroic quest to solve the "articling problem," they call for an end to this time-tested process of practical, on the job learning in favour of a yet-to-be defined, practical legal education programme - after law school - that will cost each license applicant thousands of dollars. As if their student loan burdens aren't already breaking them.

The majority's "parallel systems" proposal isn't much better. Do new lawyers or the public really stand to benefit from an ill-defined two-tiered system that bypasses necessary on-the-job training for the unlucky some, while costing the profession millions of dollars over a ten-year period?

Background - The Articling Task Force

The essential background reading is here:

• Articling task force proposes parallel licensing systems - Canadian Lawyer Magazine

• Pathways To The Profession: A Roadmap For The Reform Of Lawyer Licensing In Ontario - Articling Task Force Final Report

The Great Canadian Articling Debate

Now I confess to being somewhat late to this discussion.  Yes, it is true that amidst all the digital noise to which my email and RSS feeds are regularly subjected by LSUC, the CBA, the OBA and their ilk, I was vaguely aware at some point last year that the Law Society was studying the difficulties some articling candidates were having finding jobs, with a view to making recommendations to address this concern.

However, never in my wildest dreams did I expect our governors to actually try to do something about it.  They so rarely have.

But in this case,  they have dug in, indeed. And now verge on getting it all wrong.

In my mind, it is plainly obvious that the solutions to the articling jobs problem simply involve mobilizing the lawyers, the law schools, the Law Society, the Federal government, the Province, the marketplace and the students themselves to create and fund the 200 or 300 new articling jobs we need  - and perhaps in the process, address the access to justice issue we never tire of discussing and collectively avoiding.

At the risk of plagiarizing my own Twitter comments, let me reiterate:

Ontario: 35,000 lawyers,63 legal aid clinics, 172 Courthouses. #LSUC: Do we really believe we can't create another 300 #articling jobs? Shame.

Surely, we can find a way to place these not-yet employed articling students in a dynamic programme that rotates them between community legal aid clinics, courthouses, public advocacy organizations and government agencies.

If wholly funded by the profession (and it should not be), 300 positions paying a modest stipend of $25,000 for ten months of articling would cost each of  the Law Society's 35,000 members the staggering sum of $214.28 annually  At $30,000, the cost per lawyer would be $257.14.

(And yes, prospective students who can't find articling jobs, I understand that's not what Bay Street pays. Deal with it.)

University of Ottawa Law Professor Adam Dodek has set out an inspired proposal along these lines in his recent Slaw article, Articling and Access to Justice: An Ontario Legal Corps – Why Not?  I urge readers to give it a look.

Now I don't suggest a Legal Corps is the only solution, but do I think it is a good, progressive initiative that would reflect the best traditions of our profession.  It should be implemented.

My sense is that there is widespread consensus among Ontario lawyers that articling is an important, perhaps crucial component in the making of a competent lawyer. There is good reason the "articling debate" is so emotional.

I'm not sure I agree entirely with this comment on a March 2012 Canadian Lawyer article on the articling crisis, but there is enough truth in it that I believe it bears repeating:

The majority of law school graduates who cannot find articling positions are students who couldn't get into a single Canadian law school and had to go abroad. There has simply been an increase in these types of back-door students, and this is causing the articling shortage (in addition to the U of O's recent money-grabbing exploit). I wouldn't call it a crisis.

I hope that the LSUC does not take an "everyone deserves to be a lawyer" approach. If they eliminate articling, it'll just open up the flood gates and send us down the path of the U.S. legal profession, where anyone with money to pay tuition can join the profession. I wouldn't be surprised if English and Australian schools opened up private campuses in Ontario.

The LSUC needs to find a way to allow only the best and brightest to become lawyers. The elimination of a practical articling experience will not serve the public interest; it'll just allow for the existence of more members to pay dues.

And while the law schools - in Canada and Australia (Australia?) - plainly must shoulder a good deal of the blame for relentllessly flooding the marketplace with ever-increasing numbers of  J.D. graduates that the profession has inadequate capacity to absorb in articling positions, at the end of the day, it is we lawyers who will have to solve the problem.

The Law Society, quite understandably, is in a regulatory pickle over the articling shortage.  A fair licensing process cannot place candidates in a catch-22 that requires completion of articles when there are no articling positions to be found. The imposition of hurdles that cannot be jumped in the licensing process is ultimately arbitrary and unconscionable.  The fact that racial minorities are so dramatically overrepresented among those who do not find positions discloses a discriminatory component in this issue that simply cannot be tolerated.

The Law Society must therefore take a leading role in creating these needed positions. That they have tried and failed so far is rather unfortunate.  They - and we - must try harder.

My understanding is that approximately 300 new articling jobs must be created and the numbers problem will be solved.  (Perhaps it is only 200 or 250, depending on who you are talking to, but let us safely assume the additional requirement is somewhere in that range).

There are 35,000 lawyers in the Province.  If only one out of every 100 lawyers in Ontario became an new articling principal, once again, the numbers problem will be solved.

What do we know about firms that do not take on students? What are their issues? Money and cash flow concerns?  Shortage of work? Discomfort with the added responsibility? Desire to avoid dealing with the Law Society? Fear of change?  Lack of confidence?  Lack of interest? Nobody ever asked?

I'm not sure we know the answers to these questions.  That is unfortunate, but not fatal to action.

I suppose our firm, Wise Law Office, is a relative rarity in the profession in that we are a small firm that has hired articling students most years over the last many years. Our students have been a great bunch, and most were able to carve out a valuable role in direct advocacy work on behalf of our clients and as respected members of our team.  It is simply a pleasure to see students emerge over the short articling period as trustworthy, ethical and capable professionals. I genuinely take pride in our students' successes, during and after articling.  That really is a reward.

By way of example, just recently, I received a complex pleading that had been drafted by one of our former students.  On reading it, I couldn't help but note how incredibly well-conceived and meticulously drafted this lengthy document was.

As I told him, I wouldn't have changed a word.

"I had a good teacher," he responded.

I urge my colleagues in small law practices to consider creating an opportunity for a student.  I suspect you will be glad you did.  You may even decide you can't live without articling students on staff in the future, as I did.

The Law Schools

The law schools have a role to play in creating new positions.  Aside from funding placements in their own legal aid clinics, I would urge Ontario's law schools to reach out to smaller law firms about articling opportunities.  If you are selling your students on a Seven Sisters or bust mentality about articling, you are doing them - and the profession - a great disservice.

The law schools need to make a concerted effort to include small law firms in their career fairs - and they need to wholly subsidize any costs associated with small firm participation in these events.  They do neither.

The annual Summer and Articling Career Fairs, jointly run by the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall Law Schools at  the Metro Toronto Convention Centre,  features an appallingly small group of employers - in 2009, only 58 employers participated.  The 2012 Fair boasted an increase to "over 70" employers in attendance at the 2011 event.

That is a very small - and certainly not representative - slice of the profession being featured.

The law schools need to stop selling students on the fantasy of the "big firm" payoffs.  They must take real responsibility for matching students with firms by including smaller firms in the menu of career options they place before their students.

Many, if not most, licensees will ultimately find themselves practicing in smaller firm environments. The value of preparing for that career destination with the kind of hands-on practical experience gained while articling with a smaller firm is so rarely considered, let alone advocated by our regulators.

It's high time to end all that.

Articling with a smaller firm need not be seen a consolation prize for those that biglaw passes by - for many aspiring lawyers, such articles may well be the best preparation there is.

Regulatory Solutions

Not so long ago - in 2011, to be exact, the Law Society of Upper Canada inaugurated a formal requirement that licensees participate in a specified number of Continuing Professional Development hours annually.

In other words, the Law Society requires us to learn.

If the Law Society is prepared to require lawyers to learn, I see no reason in principle that the Law Society should not also require licensees to teach.

If voluntary participation by lawyers in the articling programme cannot be increased, I propose a requirement that each licensee with ten or more years of practice experience be required to serve as an articling principal at least once every five years for at least one-half of a ten-month articling rotation.

Problem solved.

Of course, then lawyers would be scrambling to find students.  And we'd have another crisis.... and another task force...

And I'd have to write another one of these long blogs.

- Garry J. Wise, Toronto

Visit our Toronto Law Office website: www.wiselaw.net

Articling, Access to Justice, And Lakehead University's New Law School

Two recent related news items - the Law Society of Upper Canada's approval of a potential new law school at Lakehead University and Michael Johnston's remarks upon becoming chairman of the Ontario County and District Law Presidents' Association - made me think about the larger articling process, especially given Mr. Johnston's comments on the matter:

There is a "glut" of students graduating from law schools in Ontario and elsewhere looking for places to article in Ontario, but there are not enough spaces, he noted.

Another critical issue is what Johnston calls the "greying of the bar," the aging of the legal profession's membership, causing concerns over succession.

That's a particular problem in smaller communities, which could soon face a lawyer shortage much as they are now facing doctor shortages.

So what we seem to have here is the legal community recognizing the abundance of graduating law students who cannot find articles, and rushing to create more graduating law students to exacerbate the problem.

Of course, that's a glib summary, but the articling shortfall is very real and getting steadily worse - and it is directly related to Mr. Johnston's other concern. Simply put, articling positions in smaller communities are a relatively scarce resource. For the articling job seeker, this is admittedly partly a case of confirmation bias: articling opportunities in smaller communities are scarce because lawyers operating in those communities don't advertise their articling opportunities widely (if at all).

If you want to put on an economists' hat, this makes sense. There are less opportunities for lawyers in smaller communities by simple virtue of numbers, and articling students are more likely to initially practice in areas where they have articled than otherwise: small-town lawyers are, on some level, thus theoretically disincentivized to hire articling students because of their potential to become competition.

One can argue instead that the problem exists because students are less interested in articling opportunities outside of large cities, and this probably has some merit to it as well - articling jobs in Toronto and Montreal typically pay much better than articling jobs in Medicine Hat or Saint John - but if jobs in smaller communities are advertised, then they will get applicants.

Speaking from personal anecdote alone, one hotly discussed position among third-year students, when I was in school and looking for articling jobs, was a reasonably well-compensated position with a sole practitioner in Kenora who was looking for an articling student to transition into an eventual junior lawyer position. (Given that the advertisement was taken down after a month, I assume he found his candidate.) Given the necessity of articling to join the bar, students will eventually accept any articling position they can realistically afford, or see their upwards-of-$40,000 investment in law school (and usually much more than that) go to waste.

If the articling process is going to remain a valuable part of legal education - rather than be tossed aside as it has been in practically every other jurisdiction in the world - then it has to be readily available to law school graduates. In his comments, Mr. Johnston addresses two major problems facing the legal community: lack of access to legal service by the general public and a shortage of lawyers in smaller communities.

Both of these are issues easily solved in one sentence: increase the supply of lawyers. However, if the articling process is hindering that goal - which increasingly appears to be the case - then it must either be fixed (perhaps by making articling commitments less optional for practicing lawyers than they currently are) or done away with so that some other form of practical legal education for new lawyers can be instituted. Otherwise, the ongoing legal access crisis in Ontario will only grow worse.

(And an aside: the term of chairman of the Association lasts only eighteen months? Does that seem particularly short to anyone else? Crafting policy changes is a task usually costed in years, not months...)

- Christopher Bird, Toronto

Visit our Toronto Law Firm website: www.wiselaw.net

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Articling, Access to Justice, And Lakehead University's New Law School

Two recent related news items - the Law Society of Upper Canada's approval of a potential new law school at Lakehead University and Michael Johnston's remarks upon becoming chairman of the Ontario County and District Law Presidents' Association - made me think about the larger articling process, especially given Mr. Johnston's comments on the matter:

There is a "glut" of students graduating from law schools in Ontario and elsewhere looking for places to article in Ontario, but there are not enough spaces, he noted.

Another critical issue is what Johnston calls the "greying of the bar," the aging of the legal profession's membership, causing concerns over succession.

That's a particular problem in smaller communities, which could soon face a lawyer shortage much as they are now facing doctor shortages.

So what we seem to have here is the legal community recognizing the abundance of graduating law students who cannot find articles, and rushing to create more graduating law students to exacerbate the problem.

Of course, that's a glib summary, but the articling shortfall is very real and getting steadily worse - and it is directly related to Mr. Johnston's other concern. Simply put, articling positions in smaller communities are a relatively scarce resource. For the articling job seeker, this is admittedly partly a case of confirmation bias: articling opportunities in smaller communities are scarce because lawyers operating in those communities don't advertise their articling opportunities widely (if at all).

If you want to put on an economists' hat, this makes sense. There are less opportunities for lawyers in smaller communities by simple virtue of numbers, and articling students are more likely to initially practice in areas where they have articled than otherwise: small-town lawyers are, on some level, thus theoretically disincentivized to hire articling students because of their potential to become competition.

One can argue instead that the problem exists because students are less interested in articling opportunities outside of large cities, and this probably has some merit to it as well - articling jobs in Toronto and Montreal typically pay much better than articling jobs in Medicine Hat or Saint John - but if jobs in smaller communities are advertised, then they will get applicants.

Speaking from personal anecdote alone, one hotly discussed position among third-year students, when I was in school and looking for articling jobs, was a reasonably well-compensated position with a sole practitioner in Kenora who was looking for an articling student to transition into an eventual junior lawyer position. (Given that the advertisement was taken down after a month, I assume he found his candidate.) Given the necessity of articling to join the bar, students will eventually accept any articling position they can realistically afford, or see their upwards-of-$40,000 investment in law school (and usually much more than that) go to waste.

If the articling process is going to remain a valuable part of legal education - rather than be tossed aside as it has been in practically every other jurisdiction in the world - then it has to be readily available to law school graduates. In his comments, Mr. Johnston addresses two major problems facing the legal community: lack of access to legal service by the general public and a shortage of lawyers in smaller communities.

Both of these are issues easily solved in one sentence: increase the supply of lawyers. However, if the articling process is hindering that goal - which increasingly appears to be the case - then it must either be fixed (perhaps by making articling commitments less optional for practicing lawyers than they currently are) or done away with so that some other form of practical legal education for new lawyers can be instituted. Otherwise, the ongoing legal access crisis in Ontario will only grow worse.

(And an aside: the term of chairman of the Association lasts only eighteen months? Does that seem particularly short to anyone else? Crafting policy changes is a task usually costed in years, not months...)

- Christopher Bird, Toronto

Visit our Toronto Law Firm website: www.wiselaw.net

TORONTO EMPLOYMENT LAW • TORONTO CIVIL LITIGATION & ESTATE LITIGATION • TORONTO FAMILY LAW & DIVORCE

ORIGINALLY POSTED AT WISE LAW BLOG • SUBSCRIBE TO WISE LAW BLOG